I. Introduction The constitutional right to privacy remains the same of the most controversial areas of civil liberties. There are procedural objections to the way privacy was "read into" the United States (US) Constitution according to liberal activists such as Justice William O Douglas, who wrote in Griswold v Connecticut(1) that "specific guarantees in the Bill of Rights have penumbras, formed at emanations from those guarantees," which "create girdles of privacy" in the First, Third, Fourth, Fifth, and Ninth Amendments.(2) Others have substantive
